Udlphbb - Universal Design for Learning. Home / Resource Library / Universal Design for Learning. “Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to curriculum design that can help instructors customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background” – TEAL Center.

 
Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on.. Cook funeral and cremation services grandville obituaries

Jul 6, 2022 · Right-click on the Desktop or in the folder where you want to create the file. Select New, then survey your options: If available, select Microsoft Data Link. This is not present in all versions of Windows. If Microsoft Data Link was selected, your UDL file is created. If Microsoft Data Link is not available, select Text Document. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ... In Universal Design for Learning: Apply, the second course in the UDL Learning Series, you’ll learn to use UDL principles to identify and frame a problem of practice in your learning environment. Then you’ll work with the support of your peers to design a plan to address that problem.Universitat de Lleida (UdL) / Som una universitat pública i de qualitat, pròxima alhora que oberta al món; referent en formació, recerca i innovació; compromesa amb la cooperació per al desenvolupament i la sostenibilitat, la justícia social i la igualtat d'oportunitats, i capdavantera en producció científica i cultural en múltiples àrees de coneixement 1. Know your students’ strengths and barriers. All students are unique, and the way they learn best can be as individual as a fingerprint. Some students learn best by reading and working independently, while others excel by watching videos and working in groups. The goal is to understand their strengths and barriers, and to use that when ...Through the Lens of UDL. Symposium. Dates. Monday, July 31 – Tuesday, August 1, 2023. This year's Symposium will be held online and in-person at the Westin Denver Downtown. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework for addressing the educational needs of diverse and variable learners in many settings across many stages of life.Sep 8, 2020 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework that is based on a scientific understanding of how people learn. The goal of UDL is to design “barrier-free, instructionally rich learning environments and lessons that provide access to all students” (Nelson, 2). The UDL framework helps educators think about and design learning experiences that allow all […] Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ...Universal design for learning (UDL) is a teaching approach that works to accommodate the needs and abilities of all learners and eliminates unnecessary hurdles in the learning process. This means developing a flexible learning environment in which information is presented in multiple ways, students engage in learning in a variety of ways, and ...A blended multimedia presentation with interactive activities and tools to save and share notes. Opportunities to connect with other educators to share ideas and best practices. Universal Design for Learning: Theory and Practice is available in paperback ($59.99, 200 pages, ISBN: 9780989867405) and EPUB ($59.99, 278 pages, ISBN: 9780989867412). May 2, 2023 · Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data. Tu futuro empieza en la UdL. Somos una universidad pública y de calidad, cercana a la vez que abierta al mundo; referente en docencia, formación, investigación e innovación; comprometida con la cooperación para el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad, la justicia social y la igualdad de oportunidades, y pionera en producción científica y ...By contrast, UDL is a framework for the teacher to proactively customize/create the lesson for the broadest range of students from the beginning. In other words, UDL proactively evaluates the classroom instruction and environment and provides access to the content on the front end; DI reactively evaluates individual students and retrofits and ...E. Dalton / Journal of Media Literacy Education 2017 9 (2), 17 – 29 17 Available online at www.jmle.org The National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Journal of Media Literacy Education 9 (2), 17 - 29Feb 1, 2023 · UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment. The goal of UDL is to create learners who are purposeful & motivated, resourceful & knowledgeable, and strategic & goal oriented, in other words, expert learners. With UDL, teachers transition their role to facilitator, removing barriers to learning ... THE JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION APPRENTICESHIP, 7(3) 4 information is presented, in the ways students respond or demonstrate knowledge and skills, and in the ways Organizing activities: It is based on the UDL principle of engagement. The use of activities like role-playing, board games, time management activities, team-building activities, and other proponents of active learning exemplifies UDL. Teacher-parent meetings: Including parents in the concept-building process and organizing interactive sessions ...Aug 9, 2021 · 1. Executive Summary . This technical paper, commissioned by International Disability Alliance (IDA) as part of its Inclusive Education Flagship initiative, aimsto inform IDA’s constituencyabout Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ... UDL is a function of instructional design, and differentiated instruction is a function of instructional delivery. UDL. Differentiated Instruction. Difference #1: Timing. When designing instructional materials, the scientifically informed design principles of UDL ensure the materials are meaningful to a diversity of student minds.To test the connection by using the SQL Server OLE DB provider, follow these steps: Open the .udl file. Select the Provider tab, select the SQL Server OLE DB provider that you use in your application, and then select Next. On the Connection tab, specify the network protocol, the fully qualified domain name (FQDN), and the port number under ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework that is based on a scientific understanding of how people learn. The goal of UDL is to design “barrier-free, instructionally rich learning environments and lessons that provide access to all students” (Nelson, 2). The UDL framework helps educators think about and design learning experiences that allow all […]checkpoint 8.3Foster collaboration and community. Foster collaboration and community. In the 21 st century, all learners must be able to communicate and collaborate effectively within a community of learners. This is easier for some than others, but remains a goal for all learners. The distribution of mentoring through peers can greatly ...The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ... Universitat de Lleida (UdL) / Som una universitat pública i de qualitat, pròxima alhora que oberta al món; referent en formació, recerca i innovació; compromesa amb la cooperació per al desenvolupament i la sostenibilitat, la justícia social i la igualtat d'oportunitats, i capdavantera en producció científica i cultural en múltiples àrees de coneixementAbstract. This review presents the Universal Design Learning (UDL) approach to education. Classrooms have become increasingly diverse, with second language learners, students with disabilities, and students with differences in their perception and understanding information. Some students learn best through listening, while others learn best ...Welcome to the Unified Data Library. The UDL is an enterprise data repository for managing access, integration, and dissemination of data across multiple levels of security.accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns, Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data.E. Dalton / Journal of Media Literacy Education 2017 9 (2), 17 – 29 17 Available online at www.jmle.org The National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Journal of Media Literacy Education 9 (2), 17 - 292 . table of contents. abstract 3. study design 4. purpose of the study 4 . methods 4 . literature review 8. section i: implementation of udl in k-12. 1 Jul 27, 2020 · Myth #2: UDL is Differentiated Instruction (DI) UDL and DI are built on fundamentally different values of who is in charge of a student’s learning. The primary goal of UDL is to create expert learners. UDL honors student variability and removes barriers to student learning by embracing differences. When teachers differentiate instruction ... Assistive Technology. 5 Examples of Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching aimed at meeting the needs of every student in a classroom. It can be helpful for all kids, including kids with learning and attention issues. But UDL takes careful planning by teachers.1. Executive Summary . This technical paper, commissioned by International Disability Alliance (IDA) as part of its Inclusive Education Flagship initiative, aimsto inform IDA’s constituencyaboutUniversal Design for Learning guides original, interactive curriculum. Under UDL, lessons can be taught verbally or visually or through formal or informal discussions. Students may also work independently, paired, or in small or large groups. Under the UDL framework, technology is also used to teach utilizing SMART boards and cell phones in class.136 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability Volume 19, Number 2 abilities; computer screen enlargers and text-to-speech readers for individuals with visual disabilities; electronic UDL is not a special education initiative, nor a general education initiative…it is an every child initiative. The roots of UDL are found in early civil rights and special education legislation that emphasized the right of all students to a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. What Universal Design is for the physical environment (curb cuts, ramps, motion ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL guides the creation of learning outcomes, resources and assessments that work for everyone. This approach is underpinned by research in the field of neuroscience and is designed to improve the ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ... checkpoint 8.3Foster collaboration and community. Foster collaboration and community. In the 21 st century, all learners must be able to communicate and collaborate effectively within a community of learners. This is easier for some than others, but remains a goal for all learners. The distribution of mentoring through peers can greatly ...The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine.Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] 15, 2022 · Organizing activities: It is based on the UDL principle of engagement. The use of activities like role-playing, board games, time management activities, team-building activities, and other proponents of active learning exemplifies UDL. Teacher-parent meetings: Including parents in the concept-building process and organizing interactive sessions ... Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ... Your future begins at UdL. We are a public and quality university, close at the same time as open to the world; a benchmark in teaching, training, research and innovation; committed to development cooperation and sustainability, social justice and equal opportunities, and a leader in scientific and cultural production in multiple areas of ... 196 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 26(3) As de fi ned by the Center for Applied Special Tech-nology (2009), UDL is composed of three principles: (1) multiple means of representation, giving learners Universal Design for Learning guides original, interactive curriculum. Under UDL, lessons can be taught verbally or visually or through formal or informal discussions. Students may also work independently, paired, or in small or large groups. Under the UDL framework, technology is also used to teach utilizing SMART boards and cell phones in class.Besides, please make sure that the server name is correct and the instance exists in the connection tab of the udl file. And you can specify the server name like the format " (localdb)\<instance name>". If you want to know the instance list of the localdb, please use the "sqllocaldb info" command in the command prompt.The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ...Written in a warm, collegial style, this book is filled with helpful signposts along the road to transformation. Your UDL Journey: A Systems Approach to Transforming Instruction is available in both paperback ($39.99, 218 pages, ISBN: 9781930583283) and EPUB ($39.99, ISBN: 9781930583306) format. Table of Contents.196 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 26(3) As de fi ned by the Center for Applied Special Tech-nology (2009), UDL is composed of three principles: (1) multiple means of representation, giving learners Get strategies that increase motivation and shift the drivers of learning to the students. UDL is a research-based framework that places great emphasis on building self-directed learners. Learners will explore the factors that drive motivation and how those can be leveraged in the classroom. UDL breaks down barriers and provides the gateway for ... Here are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom.Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions to meet the diverse needs of all learners. The UDL framework, first defined by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990s, [2] calls for ...About the Book. Whether you’re already familiar with UDL but haven’t had the time to think through implementation strategies or are brand new to UDL, Transform Your Teaching with Universal Design for Learning: Six Steps to Jumpstart Your Practice by Jennifer L. Pusateri will enrich your practice and help you reach more learners. Oct 2, 2020 · To address the remarkable variability among students in today’s diverse learning environments, educators are increasingly turning to Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL offers a framework for guiding the design of learning opportunities that are inclusive and challenging for all learners. Universal Design for Learning: Explore helps ... Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ... Mar 11, 2022 · Katherine Karayianis, School of Social Ecology. As a child growing up with a disability, I often heard the word “universal design” thrown around by my mother at every IEP meeting. Jan 26, 2023 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development. Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template. A Process for Getting Started. Loui Lord Nelson's process for getting started using UDL. Source: Nelson, L. L. (2014) Design and deliver: Planning and teaching using universal design for learning. Loui Lord Nelson suggests a process that starts and ends with reflecting on the needs and desired outcomes of your students: Reflect on the needs of ... The American Disabilities Act prompted rethinking about architectural design for disabled individuals. (Curb cuts, automatic doors) The concept ofA Process for Getting Started. Loui Lord Nelson's process for getting started using UDL. Source: Nelson, L. L. (2014) Design and deliver: Planning and teaching using universal design for learning. Loui Lord Nelson suggests a process that starts and ends with reflecting on the needs and desired outcomes of your students: Reflect on the needs of ...Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template. Abstract. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is increasingly gaining currency as an approach towards achieving inclusive education by enabling the provision of flexible instructional strategies from the onset. However, there is need to find ways of navigating the hegemonic neoliberal, capitalist values controlling contemporary public education ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL guides the creation of learning outcomes, resources and assessments that work for everyone. This approach is underpinned by research in the field of neuroscience and is designed to improve the ...136 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability Volume 19, Number 2 abilities; computer screen enlargers and text-to-speech readers for individuals with visual disabilities; electronic May 2, 2023 · Next, you’ll have to configure your server. See the following explanations to know what information is required. Once done, click Submit.; Cookie secure – this field allows you to secure visitor data. UDL is a set of guiding principles used in designing curriculum and lessons from the earliest stages so that the greatest number of students will be able to learn most effectively and deeply. The design process leads to flexible materials and lessons that can be utilized by all students. Fewer changes need to be made at the time of instruction ...A blended multimedia presentation with interactive activities and tools to save and share notes. Opportunities to connect with other educators to share ideas and best practices. Universal Design for Learning: Theory and Practice is available in paperback ($59.99, 200 pages, ISBN: 9780989867405) and EPUB ($59.99, 278 pages, ISBN: 9780989867412).Aug 9, 2021 · 1. Executive Summary . This technical paper, commissioned by International Disability Alliance (IDA) as part of its Inclusive Education Flagship initiative, aimsto inform IDA’s constituencyabout UDL can help create a more inclusive NCEA experience for ākonga.Use these suggestions alongside the tools on NCEA Education to enhance your practice in inclusive assessment design. UDL is an approach that helps us anticipate barriers to learning and build in useful supports and options that can be offered to all. Source: Ministry of Education. At its core, Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a mindset. It’s a set of beliefs and principles that guide educators in everything they do. Through UDL, educators can encourage success and improve outcomes by focusing on learner variability and creating customizable learning experiences. The UDL approach to teaching minimizes barriers and ...UDL is an approach to curriculum design that can help teachers customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background. UDL provides a blueprint for designing strategies, materials, assessments, and tools to reach and teach students with diverse needs. The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ... The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ...Feb 1, 2023 · UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment. The goal of UDL is to create learners who are purposeful & motivated, resourceful & knowledgeable, and strategic & goal oriented, in other words, expert learners. With UDL, teachers transition their role to facilitator, removing barriers to learning ... Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] 25, 2021 · Abstract. This review presents the Universal Design Learning (UDL) approach to education. Classrooms have become increasingly diverse, with second language learners, students with disabilities, and students with differences in their perception and understanding information. Some students learn best through listening, while others learn best ... accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns, The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine.Title: The Universal Design for Learning Guidelines Graphic Organizer (without numbers) Author: CAST Inc. Subject: The UDL Guidelines are set up in columns (principles, left to right: engagement, representation, action & expression) and rows (top to bottom: access, build, internalize) with the goal of UDL (expert learners).Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines. In Universal Design for Learning: Apply, the second course in the UDL Learning Series, you’ll learn to use UDL principles to identify and frame a problem of practice in your learning environment. Then you’ll work with the support of your peers to design a plan to address that problem.1. Know your students’ strengths and barriers. All students are unique, and the way they learn best can be as individual as a fingerprint. Some students learn best by reading and working independently, while others excel by watching videos and working in groups. The goal is to understand their strengths and barriers, and to use that when ...Universal Design for Learning grew out of the larger Universal Design movement, which was oriented towards Architectural design thinking. Architect Ronald Mace–who in 1987 first coined the term “Universal Design”— challenged the approach of designing for the average user and provided a template for more accessible and usable products and environments for all users, not just those with ...Written in a warm, collegial style, this book is filled with helpful signposts along the road to transformation. Your UDL Journey: A Systems Approach to Transforming Instruction is available in both paperback ($39.99, 218 pages, ISBN: 9781930583283) and EPUB ($39.99, ISBN: 9781930583306) format. Table of Contents.

And, according to an Air Force spokesperson, the Space Force wants $56 million for the UDL in FY24, compared to last year’s $29.5 million. That funding will be used across a broad range of .... 333 strong

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Sep 2, 2022 · Affective networks: provide multiple means of engagement. The affective network is a critical component of the three guiding principles as it is concerned with how learners emotionally respond to and engage with subject material and knowledge (Hitchcock et al., Citation 2002). Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines.Abstract. This review presents the Universal Design Learning (UDL) approach to education. Classrooms have become increasingly diverse, with second language learners, students with disabilities, and students with differences in their perception and understanding information. Some students learn best through listening, while others learn best ...A blended multimedia presentation with interactive activities and tools to save and share notes. Opportunities to connect with other educators to share ideas and best practices. Universal Design for Learning: Theory and Practice is available in paperback ($59.99, 200 pages, ISBN: 9780989867405) and EPUB ($59.99, 278 pages, ISBN: 9780989867412). Universal Design for Learning (UDL) provides a framework to help teachers do this. Universal Design (UD) was originally coined by Ron Mace at North Carolina State University as an architectural approach to building structures that includes accessibility features in the original designs.Expert reviewed by Brittney Newcomer, MS, NCSP. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework developed by CAST, an Understood founding partner. UDL guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of all learners. When you use UDL, you assume that barriers to learning are in the design of the environment, not in the ...The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ... Abstract. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is increasingly gaining currency as an approach towards achieving inclusive education by enabling the provision of flexible instructional strategies from the onset. However, there is need to find ways of navigating the hegemonic neoliberal, capitalist values controlling contemporary public education ...UDL is an approach to curriculum design that can help teachers customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background. UDL provides a blueprint for designing strategies, materials, assessments, and tools to reach and teach students with diverse needs.UDL is an approach to curriculum design that can help teachers customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background. UDL provides a blueprint for designing strategies, materials, assessments, and tools to reach and teach students with diverse needs.Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected]. Sep 24, 2012 · Puts Google Chrome into read mode for a pleasant reading experience. Just click on the glasses icon in the address bar, the current page will turn into a nice-to-read black on white page allowing you to read without forcing your eyes. Ads and Flash animations are also removed while on read-mode. Click the icon again and everything will go back ... Katherine Karayianis, School of Social Ecology. As a child growing up with a disability, I often heard the word “universal design” thrown around by my mother at every IEP meeting.Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ... .

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